Solid Waste Management in Singapore and Nepal
1/8/20242 min read
Singapore
In Singapore, solid waste management begins theoretically by separation at source, with the remainder sent for incineration at 4 waste-to-energy plants (NEA). Ash from the incineration is then disposed at the country's only landfill located offshore and constructed by land reclamation on Pulau Semakau (NEA; ST 2023).
Operations at the world's first offshore landfill began in 1999 (NLB) (ST 2023) and, as of 2023, the 350ha facility has reached approximately 50% capacity (CNA 2023).
Researchers are exploring the potential of repurposing the ash from the landfill, including its use in fabricating construction materials (ST 2023).
Ghorahi, Nepal
Through strong citizen participation in policy and decision-making, the municipality of Ghorahi constructed and operates a modern landfill using only domestic funding (Wilson et al 2012).
In 2013, Ghorahi received a grant to build output-based waste management capacity by enhancing waste collection service quality, providing technical assistance, and offering ongoing project management (GPRBA 2022). Waste collection charges appear to be influenced by users' income, and are determined by the annual property taxes payable by the household (GPRBA 2022).
Composting and recycling are the preferred waste management techniques (Maharjan et al 2019), with most waste recovery labour historically performed by informal labour (Wilson et al 2012).
References:-
Channel News Asia ('CNA'). (2023). 'Environmental experts sound the alarm on how fast Singapore’s only landfill Semakau is filling up'. 9 November 2023. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/semakau-landfill-filling-waste-management-incineration-reduce-reuse-recycle-3909436
Maharjan, A., Khatri, S.B., Thapa, L., et al (2019). 'Solid Waste Management: Challenges and Practices in the Nepalese Context'. Himalayan Biodiversity 2019. 7:6-18
National Environment Agency ('NEA"). 'Waste Management Infrastructure'. https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/waste-management/waste-management-infrastructure/solid-waste-management-infrastructure
National Library Board ('NLB'). 'Pulau Semakau'. https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=adb326ee-05ef-4c6e-a53c-8e1fceb7daa2#:~:text=Construction%20of%20the%20Semakau%20Landfill,Halus%20dumping%20ground%20was%20closed.
Straits Times. (2023). ‘Can Semakau Landfill’s lifespan be extended with full capacity looming?’ 13 November 2023. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/can-semakau-landfill-s-lifespan-be-extended-with-full-capacity-looming
The Global Partnership for Results-Based Approaches ('GPRBA'). (2022). 'Output-Based Aid for Solid Waste Management in Nepal - RBF Case Studies: A GPRBA Retrospective'. https://www.gprba.org/sites/default/files/publication/downloads/2022-04/Nepal_04_042922_WEB.pdf
Wilson, D.C., Rodic, L., Scheinberg, A. et al (2012). 'Comparative analysis of solid waste management in 20 cities'. Waste Management & Research. 30(3) 237–254